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What is raspberry ketone?
Raspberry ketone is the aromatic component found in raspberries and other fruits. It can also be produced synthetically in a laboratory.
Why has raspberry ketone been targeted for weight loss?
Scientists had shown that the pungent compounds with similar chemical structures, for example capsaicin and synephrine, had lipolytic activity – creating fat breakdown – in rats fed a high-fat diet and in in vitro fat cells.
In certain experiments, to test the effect on obesity, mice were fed a high-fat diet plus raspberry ketone for approximately 10 weeks. Other experiments were carried out in vitro (in test tubes, petri dishes, etc.).
What did scientists learn about fat cells?
Researchers noticed that, compared to controls, raspberry ketone decreased the amount of fat in the liver and visceral adipose (abdominal fat) tissues of these animals. It also noticeably increased norepinephrine-induced lipolysis (the decomposition of fat) in some mice fat cells.
What did scientists find out about the relationship between raspberry ketone and adiponectin?
Adiponectin is a protein used by the body to control metabolism. Higher levels are associated with fewer fat stores. Scientists monitored the effects of raspberry ketones on in vitro fat cells and observed a higher secretion of adiponectin when compared to controls.
They concluded that raspberry ketone prevents and improves obesity and fatty liver in certain animal models. While the exact mechanism has not been thoroughly understood, these effects appear to stem from the action of raspberry ketone in altering the lipid metabolism, or more specifically, in increasing norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in white adipocytes (fat cells).
Scientists conclude that raspberry ketone stimulates the energy metabolism via a mechanism similar to that of capsaicin. Capsaicin, a compound normally found in chili peppers, has been looked at in humans for weight loss for many years.
What do the animal data on raspberry ketone mean for humans?
Mice and rats are the most widely used animal models in biomedical research and it is important to note that besides being non-human mammals, these animals are housed under standard laboratory conditions, and the use of overweight and unstimulated animals as standard controls may bias the measured experimental outcomes.
Animal models and test tube experiments are important parts of scientific discovery and innovation, especially at early stages. Positive early results in the lab can be promising, but these do not always mean the same outcomes will occur in humans.
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